slides 43-52

- Julius Caesar's grandnephew/ adopted son Octavian takes over at age 18
- has his own triumvirate (2nd one)
- MarkAntony: experienced general
- Lepidus: powerful politician
- forces Lepidus to retire
- becomes rivals with Mark Antony
- Mark Antony became partners with Cleopatra of Egypt (militarily, personally, politically, economically)
- Octavian defeated them at the battle of Actium
- Octavian became unchallenged ruler of Rome (on his own)
- given honorable name "Augustus" meaning "Exalted One"
- Also given the title "imperator" which is a supreme military commander
- Rome is now an empire not a Republic
- ruled as an emperor for 40 years from 27 BC to AD 14
- began stable era of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana(Roman Peace)
- Pax Romana was 207 years long from 27 BC to AD 180
Accomplishments:
- expanded Roman Empire further into Africa
- set up civil service to run government and empire
- built network of roads
- collecting taxes
- Establishing postal service
- administrating grain supply
- built public facilities (building, aqueducts)
- set up police department
- run fire-fighting organization

- power was passed down to emperors after Octavian's death (some good, some horrible)

Tiberius:
- Ruled from Ad 14- AD 47
- excellent general, reluctant emperor
- when his son died, he excelled himself from Rome and left prefects in charge
- died at age 77

Caligula:
- Ruled from Ad 37- Ad 41
- won power struggle after Tiberius death
- known from cruelty, extravagance, and perversity
- was an insane tyrant
- assassinated by a group of praetorian guards, Senators,  and imperial court
- tried to reestablish the Republic but failed

Claudius:
- Ruled from AD 41- AD 54
- suffered from a limp, stammering, shaking, slobbering (maybe from cerebral palsy)
- took over because he was the last adult male in the family
- ruled well, he built roads, aqueducts, canals, started the conquest of Britain
- dies by poisoning (his wife plan so her son Nero could rise to power)

Nero:
- Ruled from 54 - 68
- emphasized the arts
- huge fire in 64 but he didn't fiddle
- wanted to rebuild Rome to be more majestic
- he hugely overspent, and raided temples for money
- historians don't look kindly upon him



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